NIDA Bibliography - The Economics of Drug Treatment June, 1999

William S. Cartwright, Ph.D.
Health Economist
National Institute on Drug Abuse

FINANCING OF DRUG TREATMENT SERVICES

Frank, R. G. (1992). Research on organization and financing of care for individuals with severe mental illness. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 19 (2).

Frank, R. G., & Goldman, H. H. (1989). Financing care of the severely mentally ill: Incentives, contracts and public responsibility. Journal of Drug Issues, 45 (3), 131-144.

Frank, R. G., & McGuire, T. G. (1998). Parity for mental health and substance abuse care under managed care. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 1 (4), 153-159.

Harwood, H. (1992, June). A review: Substance abuse policy, economics, and services provision. Current Opinion in Psychiatry.

Institute of Medicine. (1990). Treating drug problems (Vol. 2). Washington DC: National Academy Press.

Institute of Medicine. (1995). Federal regulation of methadone treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Jacobsen, K. & McGuire, T. G. (1996). Federal block grants and state spending: The Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Block Grant and state agency behavior. Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law. 21 (4), 753-770.

Lynch, F. L. (1997). The effects of state governmental transfers on local public mental health services. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 24 (4),279-299.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1992). Drug abuse services research series: Extent and adequacy of insurance coverage for substance abuse services. Rockville, MD: Author.
Also published by the Institute of Medicine under the title Treating Drug Problems, Vol. 1.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1994). Services research monograph: Financing drug treatment through state programs. Rockville, MD: Author.

Sturm, R., Goldman, W., & McCulloch, J. (1998). Mental health and substance abuse parity: A case study of Ohio’s state employee program. The Journal of Mental Health and Economics, 1, 129-134.

Sturm, R., Zhang, W., & Schoenbaum, M. (1999). How expensive are unlimited substance abuse benefits under managed care? Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 26 (2), 203-210.

Health Insurance

Arons, B. S., Frank, R. G., Goldman, H. H., McGuire, T. G., & Stephen, S. (1994). Mental health and substance abuse coverage under national health reform. Health Affairs, 13 (1), 192-205.

Burke, A. C., & Rafferty, J. A. (1994). Ownership differences in the provision of outpatient substance abuse services. Administration in Social Work, 18 (3), 59-91.

Callahan, J. J., Shepard, D. S., Beinecke, R. H., Larson, M. J., & Cavanaugh, D. (1995). Mental health/substance abuse treatment in managed care: The Massachusetts Medicaid experience. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 173-184.

Cartwright, W. S., & Woodward, A. M. (1991). Health insurance coverage questions, public health surveys, and drug abuse. In W. S. Cartwright & J. M. Kaple (Eds.), Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing and community-based drug treatment (NIDA Monograph 113, pp. 190-204). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Culhane, D. P., Hadley, T. R., & Lutterman, T. C. (1992). Who=s paying for public substance abuse programs? Trends and inter-state variability in the revenues of state drug and alcohol abuse agencies, from 1985 to 1989. Journal of Drug Issues, 22 (4), 939-947.

Duggar, B. C. (1991). Community-based drug treatment reimbursement: Progress and barriers. In W. S. Cartwright & J. M. Kaple (Eds.), Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing and community-based drug treatment (NIDA Monograph 113, pp. 148-164). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Foster-Higgins. (1993). Health benefits survey: Mental health and substance abuse benefits, 1990. Princeton, NJ: Author.

Foster-Higgins. (1996). National Survey of Employer Sponsored Health Plans: 1996. New York: Author.

Fox, H. B., Wicks, L. N., McManus, M. A., & Kelly, R. W. (1991). Medicaid financing for mental health and substance abuse services for children and adolescents. Rockville, MD: Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration.

Frank, R. G., & Dewa, C. (1992). Insurance, system structure and the use of mental health services by children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 829-840.

Frank, R. G., & Gaynor, M. S. (1994). Organizational failure and government transfers: Evidence from an experiment in the financing of mental health care. Journal of Human Resources, 29 (1), 108-125.

Frank, R. G., Goldman, H. H., & McGuire, T. G. (1992). A model mental health benefit. Health Affairs, 11 (3), 98-117.

Frank, R. G., & Herring, J. (1983). Public provision of mental hospital services: Some economic issues. Administration in Mental Health, 10 (4), 288-305.

Frank, R. G., & Kessler, L. G. (1984). Economic grand rounds: State Medicaid limitations for mental health services. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 35 (3), 213-216.

Frank, R. G., & Lave, J. R. (1985). The impact of benefit design on length of stay and transfers to residential settings for Medicaid psychiatric patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 36 (7), 749-754.

Frank, R. G., & Lave, J. R. (1986). The effect of benefit design on the length of stay of Medicaid psychiatric patients. Journal of Human Resources, 23 (1), 16-22.

Frank, R. G., McGuire, T. G. (1986). Review of studies of the impact of insurance on demand and utilization of specialty mental health services. Health Services Research, 21, 241-265.

Frank, R. G., & McGuire, T. G. (1990). Compulsory employer-based health insurance and coverage for mental health services. Health Affairs, 9 (1), 31-42.

Frank, R. G., & McGuire, T. G. (1995). Estimating costs of mental health and substance abuse coverage. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 102-115.

Frank, R. G., McGuire, T. G., Bae, J. P., & Rupp, A. (1997). Solutions for adverse selection in behavioral health care. Health Care Financing Review, 18 (3), 109-122.

Frank, R. G., McGuire, T. G., & Newhouse, J. P. (1995). Risk contracts in managed mental health care. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 50-64.

Frank, R. G., McGuire, T. G., Regier, D. A., Manderscheid, R., & Woodward, A. (1994). Paying for mental health and substance abuse care. Health Affairs, 13 (1), 337-342.

Frank, R. G., McGuire, T. G., & Salkever, D. S. (1991). Benefit flexibility, cost shifting and mandated mental health coverage. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 18 (3), 264-271.

Frank, R. G., Salkever, D. S., & Sharfstein, S. S. (1991). A new look at rising mental health insurance costs. Health Affairs, 10 (2), 116-124.

French, M. T., & Fairbank, J. A. (1992). Patterns of drug use, criminal activity, and employment status among patients in federally-funded drug abuse treatment programs. Substance Abuse, 13 (1), 37-47.

Funding sources and expenditures for mental health and substance abuse prevention and treatment. (1995). In B. A. Rouse (Ed.), Substance abuse and mental health statistics sourcebook (pp. 107-126). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Gabel, J., Liston, D., Jensen, G., & Marsteller, J. (1994). The health insurance picture 1993: Some rare good news. Health Affairs, 13 (1), 327-336.

Gates, D. (1991). Medicaid and maternal addiction: Why it doesn=t work and how to fix it (8 p.). Hearing conducted by the National Health Law Program, Los Angeles.

Horgan, C., Larson, M. J., & Simon, L. (1994). Medicaid funding for drug abuse treatment: A national perspective. In G. Denmead & B. A. Rouse (Eds.), Financing drug treatment through state programs (Services Research Monograph No. 1, pp. 1-20). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Huber, J. H., Pope, G. C., & Dayhoff, D. A. (1994). National and state spending on specialty alcoholism treatment: 1979-1989. American Journal of Public Health, 84 (10), 1662-1666.

Jensen, G. A., & Morrisey, M. A. (1991). Employer-sponsored insurance coverage for alcohol and drug abuse treatment, 1988. Inquiry, 28, 393-402.

Kronson, M. E. (1991, April). Substance abuse coverage provided by employer medical plans. Monthly Labor Review, pp. 4-10.

Kunnes, R., Niven, R., Gustafson, T., Brooks, N., Levin, S. M., Edmunds, M., Trumble, J. G., & Coye, M. J. (1993). Financing and payment reform for primary health care and substance abuse treatment. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 12 (2), 23-42.

Larson, M. J., Bowden, M. L., & Horgan, C. (1991, January/February). Private insurance for substance abuse services: National overview. Addiction and Recovery, 11, 21-26.

Larson, M. J., & Horgan, C. M. (1994). Variations in state Medicaid program expenditures for substance abuse units and facilities. In G. Denmead & B. A. Rouse (Eds.), Financing drug treatment through state programs (Services Research Monograph No. 1, pp. 21-50). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Lo, A., & Woodward, A. (1993). An evaluation of freestanding alcoholism treatment for Medicare recipients. Addiction, 88 (1), 53-68.

Lynch, F. (1992). Financing family-centered services for adolescents. In W. Snyder & T. Ooms (Eds.), Empowering families, helping adolescents: Family-centered treatment of adolescents with alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health problems (Technical Assistance Publication Series No. 6, pp. 135-144). Rockville, MD: Office of Treatment Improvement.

McGuire, T. G. (1994). Predicting the cost of mental health benefits. Milbank Quarterly, 22 (1), 3-23.

McGuire, T. G., & Montgomery, J. T. (1982). Mandated mental health benefits in private insurance. Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law, 7, 380-406.

McGuire, T. G., & Shatkin, B. F. (1991). Forecasting the cost of drug abuse treatment coverage in private health insurance. In W. S. Cartwright & J. M. Kaple (Eds.), Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing and community-based drug treatment (NIDA Monograph 113, pp. 175-189). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Mintzes, B., Allo, C. D., & Brook, R. C. (1987-1988). Cost containment in the purchasing of substance abuse services. Drugs and Society, 2 (2), 109-123.

Morrisey, M. S., & Jensen, G. A. (1993). State mandates, self insurance, and employer demand for substance abuse and mental health insurance coverage. Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, 14, 209-224.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1992). Drug abuse services research series: Extent and adequacy of insurance coverage for substance abuse services. Rockville, MD: Author.
Also published by the Institute of Medicine under the title Treating Drug Problems, Vol. 1.

Pauly, M. V. (1991). Financing treatment for substance abuse. In W. S. Cartwright & J. M. Kaple (Eds.), Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing and community-based drug treatment (NIDA Monograph 113, pp. 165-174). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Price, K. F. (1989). Pricing Medicare's diagnosis-related groups: Charges versus estimated costs. Health Care Financing Review, 11 (1), 79-90.

Rogowski, J. A. (1992). Insurance coverage for drug abuse. Health Affairs, 11 (3), 137-148.

Rogowski, J. A. (1993). Private versus public sector insurance coverage for drug abuse [Report, program plan] (53 p.). Available from RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.

Rosenheck, R., Gallup, P., & Frisman, L. K. (1993). Health care utilization and costs after entry into an outreach program for homeless mentally ill veterans. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44 (12), 1166-1171.

Scott, J. E., Greenberg, D., & Pizarro, J. (1992). A survey of state insurance mandates covering alcohol and other drug treatment. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 19 (1), 96-118.

Silverman, C., Pemberton, C., & Homes, D. (1995). EBRI databook on employee benefits (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Employee Benefit Research Institute.

Social Security: Disability benefits for drug addicts and alcoholics are out of control. (1994, February). (8 p.) Washington, DC: General Accounting Office.

Stearns, S. C., & Slifkin, R. T. (1995). State risk pools and mental health care use. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 185-196.

Summers, L. H. (1989). Some simple economics of mandated benefits. American Economic Review, 79, 177-183.

Tommasini, N. R. (1994). Private insurance coverage for the treatment of mental illness versus general medical care: A policy of inequity. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 8 (1), 9-13.

Wright, G. E., & Buck, J. A. (1991). Medicaid support of alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health services. Health Care Financing Review, 13 (1), 117-128.

Young, N. K. (1996). Alcohol and other drug treatment: Policy choices in welfare reform. Washington, DC: National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors.

Payment Mechanisms

Arons, B. S., Frank, R. G., Goldman, H. H., McGuire, T. G., & Stephens, S. (1994). Mental health and substance abuse coverage under health reform. Health Affairs, 13 (1), 192-205.

Commons, M., Hodgkin, D., McGuire, T. G., & Riordan, M. H. (1994). Paying for public drug abuse services in the six New England states. In G. Denmead & B. Rouse (Eds.), Financing drug treatment through state programs (Services Research Monograph No. 1, pp. 95-142). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Commons, M., Hodgkin, D., McGuire, T. G., & Riordan, M. H. (1994). Summaries of state programs. In G. Denmead & B. Rouse (Eds.), Financing drug treatment through state programs (Services Research Monograph No. 1, pp. 143-192). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Commons, M., Hodgkin, D., McGuire, T. G., & Riordan, M. H. (forthcoming). Some economics of performance-based contracting for substance abuse services. Milbank Quarterly.

Daley, J., & Schwartz, M. (1994). Developing risk adjustment methods. In L. Iezzoni (Ed.), Risk adjustment for measuring health care outcomes. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press.

Denmead, G., & Rouse, B. A. (Eds.). (1994). Financing drug treatment through state programs (Services Research Monograph No. 1). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Edlund, M., Wheeler, J. R. C., & D=Aunno, T. A. (1992). Payment systems and payment incentives in outpatient substance abuse treatment. Public Budgeting and Financial Management, 4 (1), 107-123.

Financing of substance abuse treatment for children and adolescents. (1995). Pediatrics, 95 (2), 308-310.

Frank, R. G. (1985). A model of state expenditures on mental hospital services. Public Finance Quarterly, 13 (3), 319-338.

Frank, R. G. (1985). Pricing and location of physician services in mental health. Economic Inquiry, 23, 115-133.

Frank, R. G., Goldman, H. H., & McGuire, T. G. (1994). Distributional consequences of reform of mental health care financing. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45 (9), 906-910.

Frank, R. G., & Lave, J. R. (1985). Prospective payment for inpatient psychiatric care: An alternative to the per case method. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 36 (7), 775-779.

Frank, R. G., & Lave, J. R. (1986). Per case prospective payment for psychiatric inpatients: An assessment and an alternative. Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law, 11 (1), 83-96.

Frank, R. G., & Lave, J. R. (1989). A comparison of hospital responses to reimbursement policies for Medicaid psychiatric patients. RAND Journal of Economics, 20 (4), 588-600.

Frank, R. G., & McGuire, T. G. (1995). Estimating costs of mental health and substance abuse coverage. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 102-115.

Frank, R. G., McGuire, T. G., & Newhouse, J. P. (1995). Risk contracts in managed mental health care. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 50-64.

Frank, R. G., McGuire, T. G., Regier, D. A., Manderscheid, R., & Woodward, A. (1994). Paying for mental health and substance abuse care. Health Affairs, 13 (1), 337-342.

Freeman, M. A., & Trabin, T. (1994). Managed behavioral healthcare: History, models, key issues, and future course. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Funding sources and expenditures for mental health and substance abuse prevention and treatment. (1995). In B. A. Rouse (Ed.), Substance abuse and mental health statistics sourcebook (pp. 107-126). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Group Health Association of America. (1994). HMO industry profile: 1994 edition. Washington, DC: Author.

Harwood, H. J., Thomson, M., & Nesmith, T. (1994). Healthcare reform and substance abuse treatment: Cost of financing under alternative approaches. Final report [Report, program plan] (38 p.). Fairfax, VA: Lewin-VHI, Inc.

Iezzoni, L. I. (Ed.). (1994). Risk adjustment for measuring health care outcomes. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press.

Kunnes, R., Niven, R., Gustafson, T., Brooks, N., Levin, S. M., Edmunds, M., Trumble, J. G., & Coye, M. J. (1993). Financing and payment reform for primary health care and substance abuse treatment. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 12 (2), 23-42.

Larson, M. J., & Horgan, C. M. (1994). Variations in state Medicaid program expenditures for substance abuse units and facilities. In G. Denmead & B. A. Rouse (Eds.), Financing drug treatment through state programs (Services Research Monograph No. 1, pp. 21-50). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Light, D. W. (1990). Comparative perspectives on the Dutch and American delivery systems. In J. J. Platt, C. D. Kaplan, & P. J. McKim (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Dutch and American perspectives (pp. 51-58). Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company.

McCrady, B. S., & Langenbucher, J. W. (1996). Alcohol treatment and health care system reform. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53 (8), 737-746.

McFarland, B. H., Bigelow, D. A., Smith, J. C., Hornbrook, M. C., Mofidi, A., & Payton, P. (1995). A capitated payment system for involuntary mental health clients. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 220-231.

McGuire, T. G., Dickey, B., Shively, G. E., & Sturmwasser, I. (1987). Differences in resource use and cost among facilities treating alcohol, drug abuse, and mental disorders: Implications for design of a prospective payment system. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144 (5), 616-620.

Mechanic, D., & Aiken, L. H. (1989). Capitation in mental health: Potentials and cautions. New Directions in Mental Health, 43, 5-18.

Mezochow, J., Miller, S., Seixas, F., & Frances, R. J. (1987). The impact of cost containment on alcohol and drug treatment. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 38 (5), 506-510.

Mirin, S. M., & Sederer, L. I. (1994). Mental health care: Current realities, future directions. Psychiatric Quarterly, 65 (3), 161-175.

Newhouse, J. P. (1986). Rate adjusters for Medicare under capitation. Health Care Financing Review, 7 [Annual Supplement], 45-55.

Newhouse, J. P. (1994). Patients at risk: Health reform and risk adjustment. Health Affairs, 13 (1), 132-146.

Newhouse, J. P., Manning, W. G., Keeler, E. B., & Sloss, E. (1989). Adjusting capitation rates using objective health measures and prior utilization. Health Care Financing Review, 10 (3), 41-54.

Oss, M. (1994). Managed behavioral health market share in the United States, 1993: An Open Minds publication. Gettysburg, PA: Behavioral Health Industry News, Inc.

Public policy statement on addiction medicine and health insurance reform. (1993). Journal of Addictive Diseases, 12 (2), 161-163.

Samuels, D. Capitation-opportunities in healthcare delivery. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1996.

Shaffer, E. R., Cutler, A. J., & Wellstone, P. D. (1994). Coverage of mental health and substance abuse services under a single-payer health care system. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45 (9), 916-919.

Shern, D. L., Donahue, S. A., Felton, C., Joseph, G. E., & Brier, N. (1995). Partial capital on versus fee-for-service in mental health care. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 208-219.

Smith, G. R., & Burns, B. J. (1993). Recommendations of the Little Rock working group on mental and substance abuse disorders in health-care reform. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 20 (3), 247-253.

Soman, L. A., Brindis, C., & Dunn-Malhotra, E. (1996). Interplay of national, state, and local policy in financing care for drug-affected women and children in California. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 28 (1), 3-15.

Stearns, S. C., & Slifkin, R. T. (1995). State risk pools and mental health care use. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 185-196.

Strosahl, K., & Quirk, M. (1994, July). The trouble with carve outs: Separate behavioral health plans drive up costs because most patients seek mental health care from primary doctors. Business and Health.

Taube, C. A., Lee, E. S., & Forthofer, R. N. (1984). Diagnosis-related groups for mental disorders, alcoholism, and drug abuse: Evaluation and alternatives. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 35 (5), 452-455.

U. S. General Accounting Office. (1994). Social Security: Major changes needed for disability benefits for addicts. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. General Accounting Office.

Wells, E. A., Fleming, C., Calsyn, D. A., Jackson, T. R., & Saxon, A. J. (1995). Users of free treatment slots at a community-based methadone maintenance clinic. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 12 (1), 13-18.

Young, N. K. (1996). Alcohol and other drug treatment: Policy choices in welfare reform. Washington, DC: National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors.

Zarkin, G. A., Galinis, D. N., French, M. T., Fountain, D. L., Ingram, P. W., & Guyett, J. A. (1995). Financing strategies for drug abuse treatment programs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 12 (6), 385-399.
NIDA-sponsored research.

ALTERNATIVE DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND MANAGED CARE

Alexander, J. A., & Lemak, C. H. (1997). Managed care penetration in outpatient substance abuse treatment units. Medical Care Research and Review, 54 (4), 490-507.

Alexander, J. A., & Lemak, C. H. (1998). Director’s perception of the effects of managed care in outpatient substance abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, 9, 1-14.

Anderson, D. F. (1989). How effective is managed mental health care? Business & Health, 7 (9), 34-50.

Austin, N. (1993). Pacific Bell’s evolution to managed care. Managed Care Quarterly, 1, 12- 19.

Baker, F., & Vischi, T. (1989). Continuity of care and the control of costs: Can case management assure both? Journal of Public Health Policy, 10 (2), 204-213.

Berlant, J., Trabin, T., & Anderson, D. (1994). The value of mental health and chemical dependency benefits: More than meets the eye. In E. Sullivan (Ed.), Driving down health care costs: Strategies and solutions. Frederick, MD: Panel Publishers.

Bevilacqua, J. J., Elias, E., & Navon, M. (1995). Perspectives. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 45-49.
The above entry refers to AStates= embrace of managed mental health care@ by Essock and Goldman, which appears in the same issue of Health Affairs.

Bond, G. R., Miller, L. D., Krumwied, R. D., & Ward, R. S. (1988). Assertive case management in three CMHCs: A controlled study. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 39 (4), 411-418.

Boyle, P. J., & Callahan, D. (1995). Managed care in mental health: The ethical issues. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 7-22.

Burke, W. M. (1984). Substance abuse treatment in an era of cost containment. Family and Community Health, 7 (2), 74-87.

Burton, W. N., Hoy, D. A., Bonin, R. L., & Gladstone, L. (1989). Quality and cost-effective management of mental health care. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 31 (4), 363-367.

Callahan, J. J., Shepard, D. S., Beinecke, R. H., Larson, M. J., & Cavanaugh, D. (1994, January 24). Evaluation of the Massachusetts Medicaid Mental Health/Substance Abuse Program. Report submitted by the Heller School for Advanced Studies in Social Welfare, Brandeis University.

Callahan, J. J., Shepard, D. S., Beinecke, R. H., Larson, M. J., & Cavanaugh, D. (1995). Mental health/substance abuse treatment in managed care: The Massachusetts Medicaid experience. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 173-184.

Caulkins, J. P. (1997). Is crack cheaper than (powder) cocaine? Addiction. 2 (11),1437-1443.

Caulkins, J. P. (1997). Modeling the domestic distribution network for illicit drugs. Managment Science, 43 (10), 1364-1371.

Caulkins, J. P. & Reuter, P. (1997). Setting goals for drug policy: Harm reduction or use reduction? Addiction, 92 (9), 1143-1150.

Chang, C. F., et al. (1998). Tennessee=s failed managed care program for mental health and substance abuse services. JAMA, 279 (11),864-869.

Commons, M. & McGuire, (1997). Some economics of performance-based contracting for substance abuse services. In J.A. Egertson, D.M. Fox, & A.I. Leshner (Eds.), Treating Drug Abusers Effectively (pp. 225-249). Oxford: Blackwell Publshers, Ltd.

D’Aunno, T., & Price, R. H. (1985). Organizational adaptation to changing environments: Community mental health and drug abuse services. American Behavioral Scientist, 28 (5), 669-683.

D’Aunno, T., & Sutton, R. I. (1992). The responses of drug abuse treatment organizations to financial adversity: A partial test of the threat-rigidity thesis. Journal of Management, 18 (1), 117-131.

D’Aunno, T., Sutton, R. I., & Price, R. H. (1991). Isomorphism and external support in conflicting institutional environments: A study of drug abuse treatment units. Academy of Management Journal, 34 (3), 636-661.

D’Aunno, T., & Vaughn, T. E. (1995). An organizational analysis of service patterns in outpatient drug abuse treatment units. Journal of Substance Abuse, 7, 27-42.

DiMonaco, J. S., & DiMonaco, D. (1989). The systems approach to managing mental health and chemical dependency treatmentCsynergism at work. Employee Benefits Journal, 14 (1), 12-16.

Docherty, J. P. (1990). Myths and mystifications of managed care. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 17 (2), 138-143.

Dunlap, L. J., & French, M. T. (1998). A comparison of two methods for estimating the costs of drug abuse treatment. Journal of Maintenance of the Addictions, 1 (3), 29-44.

Edelman, B., & Phelan, A. (1992). Health maintenance organizations and the treatment of substance abuse. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 15 (1), 56-67.

England, M. J., & Vaccaro, V. A. (1991). New systems to managed mental health care. Health Affairs, 10 (4), 129-137.

Essock, S. M., & Goldman, H. H. (1995). States= embrace of managed mental health care. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 34-44.

Feldstein, P., Wickizer, T. M., & Wheeler, J. R. C. (1988). Private cost containment: The effects of utilization review programs on health care use and expenditures. New England Journal of Medicine, 318 (20).

Field, M. J., & Gray, B. H. (1989). Should we regulate Autilization management@? Health Affairs, 8 (4), 103-112.

Fisher, D. G., & Anglin, M. D. (1987). Survival analysis in drug program evaluation. Part I: Overall program effectiveness. International Journal of the Addictions, 22 (4), 115-133.

Fisher, D. G., & Anglin, M. D. (1987). Survival analysis in drug program evaluation. Part II: Partitioning treatment effects. International Journal of the Addictions, 22 (4), 377-387.

Frabotta, J. (1989). How to weigh drug treatment options. Business & Health, 7 (2), 37-38.

Frank, R. G. (1985). Rationing of mental health services: Simple observations on the current approach and future prospects. Administration in Mental Health, 13 (1), 22-29.

Frank, R. G., Huskamp, H. A., McGuire, T. G., & Newhouse, J. P. (1996). Some economics of the mental health carve-outs. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 933-937.

Frank, R. G., & Kamlet, M. S. (1989). Provider choice for treatment of mental disorder: The impact of health and mental health status. Health Services Research, 24 (1), 83-103.

Frank, R. G., & McGuire, T. G. (1995). Estimating costs of mental health and substance abuse coverage. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 102-115.

Frank, R. G., & McGuire, T. G. (1996). Managing care for individuals with severe mental illnesses. In S. Altman & U. Reinhart (Eds.), Strategic choices for a changing health care system. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press.

Frank, R. G., & McGuire, T. G. (in press). Savings from a carve-out program for mental health and substance abuse in Massachusetts Medicaid. Psychiatric Services.

Frank, R. G., McGuire, T. G., & Newhouse, J. P. (1995). Risk contracts in managed mental health care. Health Affairs, 14 (3), 50-64.

Frank, R. G., McGuire, T. G., Notman, E. H., & Woodward, R. M. (1996). Developments in Medicaid managed behavioral health care. Mental Health U.S.: 1996. Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services.

Frank, R. G., & Welch, W. P. (1985). Competitive effects of HMOs: A review of the evidence. Inquiry, 22 (2), 148-161.

Freeman, M. A., & Trabin, T. (1994). Managed behavioral healthcare: History, models, key issues, and future course. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

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COST-BENEFIT, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, AND COST-UTILITY ANALYSIS

Drug Treatment

Alterman, A. I., O’Brien, C. P., McLellan, A. T., August, D. S., Snider, E. C., Droba, M., Cornish, J. W., Hall, C. P., Raphelson, A. H., & Schrade, F. X. (1994). Effectiveness and costs of inpatient versus day hospital cocaine rehabilitation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 182 (3), 157-163.

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Bukoski, W. J., & Evans, R. I. (1998). Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness research of drug abuse prevention: Implications for programming and policy (NIDA Monograph 176). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

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French, M. T., & Martin, R. F. (1996). The costs of drug abuse consequences: A summary of research findings. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 13 (6), 453-466.

French, M. T., Mauskopf, J. A., Teague, J. L., & Roland, J. (1996). Estimating the dollar value of health outcomes from drug abuse interventions. Medical Care, 34 (9), 890-910.

French, M. T., Rachal, J. V., Harwood, H. J., & Hubbard, R. L. (1990). Does drug abuse treatment affect employment and earnings of clients? Benefits Quarterly, 6 (2), 58-67.

French, M. T., & Rajkummer, A. S. (forthcoming). Drug abuse, crime costs, and the economic benefits of treatment. Journal of Quantitative Criminology.

French, M. T., & Zarkin, G. A. (1992). The effects of drug abuse treatment on legal and illegal earnings. Contemporary Policy Issues, 10 (2), 98-110.

French, M. T., Zarkin, G. A., Hubbard, R. L., & Rachal, J. V. (1991). The impact of time in treatment on the employment and earnings of drug abusers. American Journal of Public Health, 81 (7), 904-907.

French, M. T., Zarkin, G. A., Hubbard, R. L., & Rachal, J. V. (1993). The effects of time in drug abuse treatment and employment on posttreatment drug use and criminal activity. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 19 (1), 19-33.

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Fujii, E. T. (1974). Public investment in the rehabilitation of heroin addicts. Social Science Quarterly, 55, 39-50.

Gerstein, D. R., Johnson, R. A., Harwood, H. J., Fountain, K., Suter, N., & Malloy, K. (1994). Evaluating recovery services: The California Drug and Alcohol Treatment Assessment (CALDATA) general report. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs.

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Goldschmidt, P. G. (1976). A cost-effectiveness model for evaluating health care programs: Application to drug abuse treatment. Inquiry, 13 (1), 29-47.

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Hannan, T. H. (1975). The economics of methadone maintenance. Lexington, KY: Lexington Books.

Hannan, T. H. (1976). The benefits and costs of methadone maintenance. Public Policy, 24 (2), 197-226.

Hansen, C. (1995). Forecasting the cost of chemical dependency treatment under managed care: The Washington state study. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Hargreaves, W. A., Shumway, M., Hu, T. W., & Cuffel, B. (1998). Cost-outcome methods for mental health. New York: Academic Press.

Harwood, H., Fountain, D., Carothers, S., Gerstein, D., & Johnson, R. (1998). Gender differences in the economic impacts of clients before, during, and after substance abuse treatment. Drugs and Society, 13 (1/2), 251-269.

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Harwood, H., Hubbard, R., Collins, J. J., & Rachal, J. V. (1989). A cost benefit analysis of drug abuse treatment. JAI Press 1989 Research Annual on Law and Policy Studies.

Harwood, H. J., Napolitano, D. M., Christensen, P. L., & Collins, J. J. (1984). Economic coststo society of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness: 1980. Report to the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.

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Hser, Y.-I., & Anglin, D. (1991). Cost-effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Relevant issues and alternative longitudinal modeling approaches. In W. S. Cartwright & J. M. Kaple (Eds.), Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing and community-based drug treatment (NIDA Monograph 113, pp. 67-93). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Hu, T., McDonnell, N. S., & Swisher, J. (1981). The application of cost-effectiveness analysis to the evaluation of drug abuse prevention programs: An illustration. Journal of Drug Issues, 11, 125-138.

Hubbard, R. L., & French, M. T. (1991). New perspectives on the benefit-cost and cost-effectiveness of drug abuse treatment. In W. S. Cartwright & J. M. Kaple (Eds.), Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing and community-based drug treatment (NIDA Monograph 113, pp. 91-113). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Hubbard, R. L., Marsden, M. E., Rachal, J. V., Harwood, H. J., Cavanaugh, E. R., & Ginzburg, H. M. (1989). Drug abuse treatment: A national study of effectiveness. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

Jerrell, J. M. (1996). Cost-effectiveness treatment for persons with dual disorders. In R. D. Drake, & K. T. Mueser (Eds.), Dual diagnosis of major mental illness and substance disorder: Recent research and clinical implications, pp. 79-91. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Jerrel, J. M., Hu, T., & Ridgely, M. S. (1994). Cost-effectiveness of substance abuse disorder interventions for people with severe mental illness. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 21, 283-297.

Kaestner, R. (1991). The effects of illicit drug use on the wages of young adults. Journal of Labor Economics, 8 (4), 318-412.

Kaestner, R. (1994). The effect of illicit drug use on the labor supply of young adults. Journal of Human Resources, 24 (1), 126-155.

Kaestner, R. (1994). New estimates of the effect of marijuana and cocaine use on wages. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 47 (3), 454-470.

Kagel, J. H., Battalio, R. C., & Miles, C. G. (1980). Marihuana and work performance: Results from an experiment. Journal of Human Resources, 15, 373-395.

Kandel, D., & Davies, M. (1990). Labor force experiences of a national sample of young adult men: The role of drug involvement. Youth and Society, 21 (4), 411-445.

Kraft, M. K, Rothbard, A. B., Hadley, T. R., McLellan, A. T., & Asch, D. A. (1997). Are supplementary services provided during methadone maintenance really cost-effective? American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1214-1219.

Leslie, A. C. (1971). A benefit/cost analysis of New York City=s heroin addiction problems and programs. New York: Health Services Program.

Lessard, R. J., Harrison, P. A., & Hoffman, N. G. (1985). Costs and benefits of chemical dependency treatment. Minnesota Medicine, 68, 449-452.

Levine, D., Stoloff, P., & Spuil, N. (1976). Public drug treatment and addict crime. Journal of Legal Studies, 5 (2), 435-462.

Lillie-Blanton, M., Werthamer, L., Chaterji, P., Fiensen, C., & Caffray, C. (1998). Issues and methods in evaluating costs, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of drug abuse prevention programs for high-risk youth. In W. J. Bukoski & R. I. Evans (Eds.), Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness research of drug abuse prevention: Implications for programming and policy (NIDA Monograph 176, pp. 184-213). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Lipton, D. S. (1994). The correctional opportunity: Pathways to drug treatment for offenders.  Journal of Drug Issues, 24 (1-2), 331-348.

Maidlow, S. T., & Berman, H. (1972). The economics of heroin treatment. American Journal of Public Health, 62 (10), 1397-1406.

Mauser, E., Van-Stelle, K. R., & Moberg, D. P. (1994). The economic impact of diverting substance-abusing offenders into treatment. Crime and Delinquency, 40 (4), 568-588.

McGlothlin, W. H., & Anglin, M. D. (1981). Shutting off methadone: Costs and benefits. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 885-892.

McGlothlin, W. H., & Tabbush, V. C. (1974). Costs, benefits, and potential for alternative approaches to opiate addiction control. In J. A. Inciardi & C. D. Chambers (Eds.), Drugs and the criminal justice system (pp. 77-124). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

McGlothlin, W. H., Tabbush, V. C., Chambers, C. D., & Jamison, K. (1972, February). Alternative approaches to opiate addiction control: Costs, benefits, and potential. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

McLellan, A. T., Woody, G. E., Luborsky, L., O’Brien, C. P., & Druley, K. A. (1983). Increased effectiveness of substance abuse treatment: A prospective study of patient-treatment matching. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 171 (10), 597-605.

McLellan, A. T., Woody, G. E., Metzger, D., McKay, J., Durrell, J., Alterman, A. I., & O=Brien, C. P. (1996). Evaluating the effectiveness of addiction treatments: Reasonable expectations, appropriate comparisons. Milbank Quarterly, 74 (1), 51-85.

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Mullahy, J., & Sindelar, J. (1991). Gender differences in labor market effects of alcoholism. American Economic Review, 81 (2), 161-165.

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Plotnick, R. D., Young, D. S., Catalano, R. F., & Haggerty, K. P. (1998). Benefits and costs of a family-focused methadone treatment and drug abuse prevention program: Preliminary findings. In W. J. Bukoski & R. I. Evans (Eds.), Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness research of drug abuse prevention: Implications for programming and policy (NIDA Monograph 176, pp. 161-183). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

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Alcohol Treatment

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Swint, J. M., & Nelson, W. B. (1977). Prospective evaluation of alcoholism rehabilitation efforts. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 38, 1386-1404.

 

COST OF DRUG TREATMENT

Drug Treatment

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Goodman, A. C., Nishiura, E. & Humphreys, R. S. (1997). Cost and usage impacts of treatment initiation: a comparison of alcoholism and drug treatments. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 21 (5), 931-938.

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Harwood, H. J., Napolitano, D. M., Kristiansen, P. L., & Collins, J. J. (1984). Economic costs to society of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness: 1980. Report to the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.

Harwood, H. J., Thomson, M., & Nesmith, T. (1994). Healthcare reform and substance abuse treatment: Cost of financing under alternative approaches. Final Report. [Report, program plan] (38 p.). Fairfax, VA: Lewin-VHI, Inc.

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Hellinger, F. (1990). Updated forecasts of the costs of medical care for persons with AIDS, 1989 - 1993. Public Health Reports, 105 (1), 1.

Hellinger, F. (1991). Forecasting the medical care costs of the HIV epidemic: 1991 - 1994. Inquiry, 28, 213.

Hellinger, F. (1992). Forecasts of the costs of medical care for persons with HIV: 1992 - 1995. Inquiry, 29, 356.

Hellinger, F. (1993). The lifetime costs of treating a person with HIV. Journal of the American Medical Association, 20 (4), 474-478. Hoffman, N. G., DeHart, S. S., & Fulkerson, J. A. (1993). Medical care utilization as a function of recovery status following chemical addictions treatment. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 12 (1), 97-108.

Hoffman, N. G., Harrison, P. A., & Belille, C. A. (1984). Multidimensional impact of treatment for substance abuse. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse, 3 (3), 83-94.

Holder, H. D. (1994). The importance of cost in assessing the treatment and prevention of substance abuse problems. Addiction, 89 (8), 919-920.

Holder, H. D., & Blose, J. O. (1987). Mental health treatment and the reduction of health care costs: A four-year study of U.S. federal employees= enrollment with the Aetna Life Insurance company. Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, 8, 157-174.

Holder, H. R., & Blose, J. O. (1992). The reduction of health care costs associated with alcoholism treatment: A 14-year-old longitudinal study. Journal of Studies Alcohol, 256, 293-302.

Hyde, A., & Vollmerhausen. (1998). Accountability in public short-term adult aod residential treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15 (4), 367-375.

Jerrell, J. M., & Ridgely, M. S. (1995). Comparative effectiveness of three approaches to serving people with severe mental illness and substance abuse disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183 (9), 566-576.

Johnson, B. D., Goldstein, P. J., Preble, E., Schmeidler, J., Lipton, D. S., Spunt, B., & Miller, T. (1985). Taking care of business: The economics of crime by heroin abusers. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Jones, K. B., & Vischi, T. R. (1979). Impact of alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health treatment on medical care utilization: A review of the research literature. Medical Care, 17 (Suppl. 1), 3-14.

Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.

Kessler, R. C., Nelson, G. B., McGonagle, K. A., Edlund, M. J., Frank, R. G., & Leaf, P. J. (1996, Winter). The epidemiology of comorbid mental disorders and substance use disorders in the national comorbidity survey: Implications for prevention and services utilization. Journal of Orthopsychiatry.

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Koch, J. V., & Grupp, S. E. (1973). Police and illicit drug markets: Some economic considerations. British Journal of Addictions, 68, 351-362.

Langenbucher, J. (1994). Offsets are not add-ons: The place of addictions treatment in American health care reform. Journal of Substance Abuse, 6 (1), 117-122.

Lemkau, P. V., Amsel, Z., Sanders, B., Amsel, J., & Seif, T. F. (1975). Social and economic costs of drug abuse. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.

Lennox, R. D., Lennox, J. A., & Holder, H. D. (1992). Substance abuse and family illness: Evidence from health care utilization and cost-offset research [Special Issue: Substance Abuse Services]. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 19, 83-95.

Little, A. D. (1975). Social costs of drug abuse. Cambridge, MA: A. D. Little Co.

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Merrill, J., & Fox, K. (1998). The impact of substance abuse on federal spending. In W. J. Bukoski & R. I. Evans (Eds.), Cost-benefit/cost effectiveness research of drug abuse prevention: Implications for programming and policy (NIDA Monograph 176, pp. 5-36.) Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

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Mumford, E., Schlesinger, H. J., Glass, G. V., Patrick, C., & Cuerdon, T. (1984). A new look at evidence about reduced cost of medical utilization following mental health treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141 (10), 1145-1158.

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Rice, D. P., Kelman, S., & Miller, L. S. (1991). Estimates of economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness, 1985-1988. Public Health Reports, 106 (3), 280-292.

Rice, D. P., Kelman, S., & Miller, L. S. (1992). The economic burden of mental illness. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 43 (12), 1227-1232.

Rice, D. P., Kelman, S., Miller, L. S., & Dunmeyer, S. (1990). The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness: 1985 (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1694). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Ridgely, M. S., Goldman, H. H., & Willenbring, M. (1990). Barriers to the care of persons with dual diagnoses: Organizational and financing issues. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16 (1), 123-132.

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Schoenbaum, M., Zhang, W., & Sturm, R. (1998). Costs and utilization of substance abuse care in a privately insured population under managed care. Psychiatric Services, 49 (12), 1573-1578.

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Scitovsky, A., & Rice, D. (1987). Estimates of the direct and indirect costs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States, 1985, 1986, 1991. Public Health Reports, 102 (1), 5.

Sisk, J. E. (1987). The costs of AIDS: A review of the estimates. Health Affairs, 6 (2), 5-21.

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Weisner, C., & Schmidt, L. (1993). Alcohol and drug problems among diverse health and social service populations. American Journal of Public Health, 83 (6), 824-829.

Wilson, P., Watson, R., & Ralston, G. E. (1994). Methadone maintenance in general practice: Patients, workload, and outcomes. British Medical Journal, 309, 641-644.

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Zarkin, G. A., French, M. T., Mroz, T., & Bray, J. W. (1998). Alcohol use and wages: New results from the national household study survey on drug abuse. Journal of Health Economics, 17 (1), 57-71.

Alcohol Treatment

Abel, E., & Sokol, R. (1991). A revised conservative estimate of the incidence of FAS and its economic impact. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 15, 514-524.

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Bloss, G. (1994). The economic cost of FAS. Alcohol Health and Research World, 18, 53-54.

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Harwood, H., & Napolitano, D. (1985). Economic implications of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcohol Health and Research World, 10 (1), 38-43.

Heien, D. M., & Pittman, D. J. (1989). The economic costs of alcohol abuse: An assessment of current methods and estimates. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 50 (6), 567-579.

Holder, H. D. (1987). Alcoholism treatment and potential health care cost saving. Medical Care, 25 (1), 52-71.

Holder, H. D., & Blose, J. O. (1986). Alcoholism treatment and total health care utilization and costs: A four-year longitudinal analysis of federal employees. Journal of the American Medical Association, 256 (11), 1456-1460.

Holder, H. D., & Blose, J. O. (1991). Typical patterns and cost of alcoholism treatment across a variety of populations and providers. Alcohol Clinical Experimental Research, 15 (2), 190-195.

Holder, H. D., & Blose, J. O. (1992). The reduction of health care costs associated with alcoholism treatment: A 14-year longitudinal study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53 (4), 293-302.

Holder, H. D., & Hallan, J. B. (1986). Impact of alcoholism treatment on total health care costs: A six-year study. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse, 6 (1), 1-15.

Holder, H. D., Lennox, R. D., & Blose, J. O. (1992). The economic benefits of alcoholism treatment: A summary of twenty years of research. Journal of Employee Assistance Research, 1 (1), 63-82.

Holder, H. D., & Schachtman, R. H. (1987). Estimating health care savings associated with alcoholism treatment. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 11 (1), 66-72.

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Maynard, A., & Kennan, P. (1981). The economics of alcohol abuse. British Journal of Addiction, 76, 339-345.

Parker, D. L., Shultz, J. M., Gertz, L., Berkelman, R., & Remington, P. (1987). The social and economic costs of alcohol abuse in Minnesota, 1983. American Journal of Public Health, 77, 982-986.

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Methodological Research

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Bradley, C. J., French, M. T., & Rachal, J. V. (1994). Fin